EFA was designed as a readily comprehended indicator of the sustainability of the human economy vis-a
`-vis the
Earth’s remaining “natural” capacity to supply resources (sometimes considered equivalent to the planet’s terrestrial
“carrying capacity”). It groups and calculates material and energy requirements of nations (or regions) for a limited
number of consumption functions, converts these metabolic flows into the ecologically productive land area required
to produce the resources used in these activities, and compares the required areas to available regional, national, and
global ecologically productive areas. Existing studies have typically been restricted to the ecological resource output
potential of terrestrial areas
The bulk internal flow material flow analysis (MFA-BIF) models developed as material flow balance models that
focused on both material inputs and output flows and stock accumulations, induced by the entire societal metabolism
of a given region. An essential principle is that of “materials balance” in order to derive consistent and balanced
measures of material inputs and outputs across the economy-environment system boundary. The approach has also
incorporated the identification and quantification of physical flows of “bulk” material categories within at least a
limited number of subsystem components of the economic region under study. These studies may be considered as
MFA-BIF. They lie between the TMRO approach and the highly disaggregated treatment of material inter-
dependencies between sectors in physical input-output tables (hence, their occasional labeling as “bulk PIOTs”).
The MFA-BIF approach aims to reveal the fundamental nature of economic system sources of flows and provides an
overview of the structural nature of the material basis of economies.
| Title |
Author(s) |
Year |
| A Database to Facilitate a Process-Oriented Approach to Urban Metabolism |
Ravalde, Tom and Keirstead, James |
2017 |
| Downscaling Aggregate Urban Metabolism Accounts to Local Districts |
Horta, Isabel M. and Keirstead, James |
2017 |
| Urban Metabolism for Resource-Efficient Cities: from Theory to Implementation |
Josephine Kaviti Musango and Paul Currie and Blake Robinson |
2017 |
| Urban metabolism: A review with reference to Cape Town |
Paul Klugman Currie and Josephine Kaviti Musango and Nhlanhla Desire May |
2017 |
| African Urbanization: Assimilating Urban Metabolism into Sustainability Discourse and Practice |
Currie, Paul Klugman and Musango, Josephine Kaviti |
2016 |
| Cape Town's Metabolism: Insights from a Material Flow Analysis |
Hoekman, Paul and von Blottnitz, Harro |
2016 |
| Changes of human time and land use pattern in one mega city's urban metabolism: a multi-scale integrated analysis of Shanghai |
Lu, Yangsiyu and Geng, Yong and Qian, Yiying and Han, Wenyi and McDowall, Will and Bleischwitz, Raimund |
2016 |
| Comparing a territorial-based and a consumption-based approach to assess the local and global environmental performance of cities |
Aristide Athanassiadis and Maarten Christis and Philippe Bouillard and An Vercalsteren and Robert H. Crawford and Ahmed Z. Khan |
2016 |
| Enhanced Performance of the Eurostat Method for Comprehensive Assessment of Urban Metabolism: A Material Flow Analysis of Amsterdam |
Voskamp, Ilse M. and Stremke, Sven and Spiller, Marc and Perrotti, Daniela and van der Hoek, Jan Peter and Rijnaarts, Huub H. M. |
2016 |
| Lisbon's womb: an approach to the city metabolism in the turn to the twentieth century |
Niza, Samuel and Ferreira, Daniela and Mourão, Joana and d'Almeida, Patrícia Bento and Marat-Mendes, Teresa |
2016 |
| Material Flow Accounts and Driving Factors of Economic Growth in the Philippines |
Martinico-Perez, Marianne Faith G. and Fishman, Tomer and Okuoka, Keijiro and Tanikawa, Hiroki |
2016 |
| Material Flow Analysis in Quebec: Methods and operationalising challenges in a circular economy perspective |
Audrey Morris |
2016 |
| Modeling of material and energy flows in the Metropolitan City of Milan, Italy using urban metabolism approaches |
Gabriela Fernandez, Igor Tereshchenko |
2016 |
| Quantifying Impacts of Consumption Based Charge for Carbon Intensive Materials on Products |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Neuhoff, Karsten, and Owen, Anne, and Wood, Richard |
2016 |
| Surveying the Environmental Footprint of Urban Food Consumption |
Goldstein, Benjamin and Birkved, Morten and Fernández, John and Hauschild, Michael |
2016 |
| Towards a circular economy... of proximity? |
ADEME and Mathieu DURAND and Jean-Baptiste BAHERS and Thomas BONIERBALE and Hélène BERAUD and Bruno BARROCA |
2016 |
| Towards more comprehensive urban environmental assessments: exploring the complex relationship between urban and metabolic profiles |
Aristide Athanassiadis |
2016 |
| Urban metabolism profiles. An empirical analysis of the material flow characteristics of three metropolitan areas in Sweden |
Leonardo Rosado and Yuliya Kalmykova and João Patrício |
2016 |
| Analysis of High-Resolution Utility Data for Understanding Energy Use in Urban Systems: The Case of Los Angeles, California |
Pincetl, Stephanie and Graham, Robert and Murphy, Sinnott and Sivaraman, Deepak |
2015 |
| Combined MFA and LCA approach to evaluate the metabolism of service polygons: A case study on a university campus |
Lopes Silva, Diogo Aparecido; de Oliveira, José Augusto; Saavedra, Yovana M.B.; Ometto, Aldo Roberto; Rieradevall i Pons, Joan; Gabarrell Durany, Xavier |
2015 |
| Complementary uses of Environmentally Extended Input Output Analysis and Material Flow Analysis to assess impacts |
Cooper, Samuel and Cabrera Serrenho, Andre and Owen, Anne |
2015 |
| Energy and material flows of megacities |
Kennedy, Christopher A. and Stewart, Iain and Facchini, Angelo and Cersosimo, Igor and Mele, Renata and Chen, Bin and Uda, Mariko and Kansal, Arun and Chiu, Anthony and Kim, Kwi-gon and Dubeux, Carolina and Lebre La Rovere, Emilio and Cunha, Bruno and Pin |
2015 |
| Maintenance and Expansion: Modeling Material Stocks and Flows for Residential Buildings and Transportation Networks in the EU25 |
Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Steinberger, Julia K. and Eisenmenger, Nina and Haas, Willi |
2015 |
| Mass, energy, and emergy analysis of the metabolism of Macao |
Kampeng Lei and Lu Liu and Dan Hu and Inchio Lou |
2015 |
| Material flow analysis applied to rare earth elements in Europe |
Guyonnet, Dominique and Planchon, Mariane and Rollat, Alain and Escalon, Victoire and Tuduri, Johann and Charles, Nicolas and Vaxelaire, Stéphane and Dubois, Didier and Fargier, Hélène |
2015 |
| Material Flow Analysis as a Decision Support Tool for Waste Management: A Literature Review |
Allesch, Astrid and Brunner, Paul H |
2015 |
| Study report. Accounting for material flows in Brittany, 2011 |
Arnaud Cochet and Frédéric Maymil and Samia Sediri |
2015 |
| The Spanish Transition to Industrial Metabolism: Long-Term Material Flow Analysis (1860-2010) |
Infante-Amate, Juan and Soto, David and Aguilera, Eduardo and García-Ruiz, Roberto and Guzmán, Gloria and Cid, Antonio and González de Molina, Manuel |
2015 |
| Toward Social Material Flow Analysis: On the Usefulness of Boundary Objects in Urban Mining Research |
Wallsten, Björn |
2015 |
| Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities |
Currie, Paul and Lay-Sleeper, Ethan and Fernandez, John E and Kim, Jenny and Musango, Josephine Kaviti |
2015 |
| Uncertainty in Material Flow Analysis Indicators at Different Spatial Levels |
Patrício, João and Kalmykova, Yuliya and Rosado, Leonardo and Lisovskaja, Vera |
2015 |
| Understanding Urban Metabolism: A Tool for Urban Planning |
Chrysoulakis, N. and Castro, E. A. and Moors, E. J. |
2015 |
| Urban Economies Resource Productivity and Decoupling: Metabolism Trends of 1996--2011 in Sweden, Stockholm, and Gothenburg |
Kalmykova, Yuliya and Rosado, Leonardo and Patrício, João |
2015 |
| Urban Metabolism of Recycling and Reusing Food Waste: A Case Study in Taipei City |
Tseng, Wei-Lun and Chiueh, Pei-Te |
2015 |
| Urban metabolism: Measuring the city's contribution to sustainable development |
Leonardo S. Conke and Tainá L. Ferreira |
2015 |
| Urban-Scale Material Flow Analysis in a South African Context: A Cape Town Feasibility Study |
Paul Hoekman |
2015 |
| Analysis of Egyptian Cities towards Sustainable Urban Metabolism |
Nourhan Magdy |
2014 |
| Comptes des flux de matières à l'échelle de l'économie 2008-2012 |
Guy Vandille |
2014 |
| Concepts and methodologies for measuring the sustainability of cities |
Yetano Roche, María and Lechtenböhmer, Stefan and Fischedick, Manfred and Gröne, Marie-Christine and Xia, Chun and Dienst, Carmen |
2014 |
| Consumption-based Material Flow Accounting |
Schaffartzik, Anke and Eisenmenger, Nina and Krausmann, Fridolin and Weisz, Helga |
2014 |
| Global patterns of material flows and their socio-economic and environmental implications: a MFA study on all countries world-wide from 1980 to 2009 |
Giljum, Stefan and Dittrich, Monika and Lieber, Mirko and Lutter, Stephan |
2014 |
| Incorporating Bio-Physical Sciences into a Decision Support Tool for Sustainable Urban Planning |
Mitraka, Z. and Diamantakis, E. and Chrysoulakis, N. and Castro, E. A. and San Jose, R. and Gonzalez, A. and Blecic, I |
2014 |
| Island Waste Management Systems |
Eckelman, Matthew J and Ashton, Weslynne and Arakaki, Yuji and Hanaki, Keisuke and Nagashima, Shunsuke and Malone-Lee, Lai Choo |
2014 |
| Material Flow Analysis (MFA) for Liveable Cities |
Dexter V.L. Hunt; Joanne M. Leach; Susan E. Lee, Chris Bouch, Peter Braithwaite, Christopher D.F. Rogers |
2014 |
| Patterns of change in material use and material efficiency in the successor states of the former Soviet Union |
Schandl, Heinz and West, James and Krausmann, Fridolin and Kovanda, Jan and Hak, Tomas |
2014 |
| Resource Use in Small Island States |
Krausmann, Fridolin and Richter, Regina and Eisenmenger, Nina |
2014 |
| Spatial allocation of material flow analysis in residential developments: a case study of Kildare County, Ireland |
Roy, Manoj and Curry, Robin and Ellis, Geraint |
2014 |
| The global metabolic transition: Regional patterns and trends of global material flows, 1950--2010 |
Schaffartzik, Anke and Mayer, Andreas and Gingrich, Simone and Eisenmenger, Nina and Loy, Christian and Krausmann, Fridolin |
2014 |
| Urban material flow analysis: An approach for Bogotá, Colombia |
Alfonso Piña, William H. and Pardo Martínez, Clara Inés |
2014 |
| Urban Metabolism of Six Asian Cities |
Paulo Ferrao and João Fumega and Nuno Gomes and Samuel Niza and André Pina and Luis Santos |
2014 |
| Circular economy, industrial ecology. Elements of reflection at the Ile-de-France scale |
IAU (Institut d'Aménagement et d'Urbanisme) |
2013 |
| Data Mining for Material Flow Analysis: Application in the Territorial Breakdown of French Regions |
Brinduşa Smaranda |
2013 |
| Development and dematerialization: An international study |
Steinberger, Julia K and Krausmann, Fridolin and Getzner, Michael and Schandl, Heinz and West, Jim |
2013 |
| Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts (EW-MFA) Compilation Guide 2013 |
EUROSTAT |
2013 |
| Industrial metabolism of PVC in China: A dynamic material flow analysis |
Zhou, Yucheng; Yang, Ning; Hu, Shanying |
2013 |
| Mapping the global flow of aluminum: From liquid aluminum to end-use goods |
Cullen, Jonathan M and Allwood, Julian M |
2013 |
| Mapping the global journey of anthropogenic aluminium: a trade-linked multilevel material flow analysis |
Gang Liu, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2013 |
| Material use and material efficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean |
Schandl, Heinz and West, James |
2013 |
| Quantification of urban metabolism through coupling with the life cycle assessment framework: concept development and case study |
Goldstein, Benjamin Paul and Birkved, Morten and Quitzau, Maj-Britt and Hauschild, Michael |
2013 |
| Steel all over the world: Estimating in-use stocks of iron for 200 countries |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Wang, Tao, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2013 |
| Stock dynamics and emission pathways of the global aluminium cycle |
Gang Liu, and Bangs, Colton E, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2013 |
| Sustainable Urban Metabolism |
Ferrão, Paulo and Fernández, John E. |
2013 |
| Sustainable urban metabolism as a link between bio-physical sciences and urban planning: The BRIDGE project |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios and Lopes, Myriam and San José, Roberto and Betham Grimmond , Christine Susan and Jones , Mike B. and Magliulo , Vincenzo and Klostermann , Judith E.M. and Synnefa , Afroditi and Mitraka , Zina and Castro, Eduardo A. and González , Ainhoa and Vogt , Roland and Vesala , Timo and Spano , Donatella and Pigeon , Gregoire and Freer-Smith , Peter and Staszewski , Tomasz and Hodges , Nick and Mills , Gerald and Cartalis, Constantinos |
2013 |
| The importance of raw material equivalents in economy-wide material flow accounting and its policy dimension |
Jan Kovanda and Jan Weinzettel |
2013 |
| The physical structure of urban economies - comparative assessment |
Samuel Niza and André Pina and Daniela Ferreira and Luis Santos and Paulo Ferrão |
2013 |
| The Roles of Energy and Material Efficiency in Meeting Steel Industry CO2 Targets |
Milford, Rachel L., and Pauliuk, Stefan, and Allwood, Julian M., and Müller, Daniel B. |
2013 |
| The Steel Scrap Age |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Milford, Rachel L., and Müller, Daniel B., and Allwood, Julian M. |
2013 |
| Total Material Requirement of Growing China: 1995--2008 |
Wang, Heming and Yue, Qiang and Lu, Zhongwu and Schuetz, Helmut and Bringezu, Stefan |
2013 |
| Urban metabolism assessment tools for resource efficient urban infrastructure |
Robinson, Blake and Musango, Josephine and Swilling, Mark and Joss, Simon and Mentz Lagrange, Sasha |
2013 |
| Urban metabolism: A review of research methodologies |
Yan Zhang |
2013 |
| Aluminium Recycling - Raw material supply from a volume and quality constraint system |
Rombach, Georg, and Modaresi, Roja, and Muller, Daniel B. |
2012 |
| Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts (EW-MFA) Compilation Guide 2012 |
EUROSTAT |
2012 |
| From Eradication To Intervention: Urban Informal Ecosystem |
Royden-Turner, Shannon |
2012 |
| India's Biophysical Economy, 1961 - 2008. Sustainability in a national and global context. |
Singh, Simron and Krausmann, Fridolin and Gingrich, Simone and Haberl, Helmut and Erb, Karl-Heinz and Lanz, Peter and Martinez-Alier, Joan and Temper, Leah |
2012 |
| Mainstreaming Urban Metabolism |
Kennedy, Christopher and Hoornweg, Daniel |
2012 |
| Mainstreaming Urban Metabolism: Advances And Challenges In City Participation |
Hoornweg, Daniel A. and Campillo, Gisela and Saldivar-Sali, Artessa N. and Linders, Dennis and Sugar, Lorraine |
2012 |
| Mapping the global flow of steel: From steelmaking to end-use goods |
Cullen, Jonathan M and Allwood, Julian M and Bambach, Margarita D |
2012 |
| Material flows and material productivity in China, Australia, and Japan |
Schandl, Heinz and West, James |
2012 |
| Metabolism of the Anthroposphere: Analysis, Evaluation, Design |
Peter Baccini and Paul Brunner |
2012 |
| Moving Toward the Circular Economy: The Role of Stocks in the Chinese Steel Cycle |
Pauliuk, Stefan and Wang, Tao and Müller, Daniel B. |
2012 |
| Moving towards the circular economy - the role of stocks in the Chinese steel cycle |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Wang, Tao, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2012 |
| The physical dimension of international trade, part 2: Indirect global resource flows between 1962 and 2005 |
Dittrich, Monika and Bringezu, Stefan and Schütz, Helmut |
2012 |
| The role of automobiles for the future of aluminium recycling |
Modaresi, Roja, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2012 |
| Material flow accounting in an Irish city-region 1992-2002 |
Browne, David; O'Reagan, Bernadette; Moles, Richard |
2011 |
| Methodology and Indicators of Economy-wide Material Flow Accounting |
M. Fischer-Kowalski |
2011 |
| Methodology and Indicators of Economy-wide Material Flow Accounting |
M. Fischer-Kowalski, F. Krausmann, S. Giljum, S. Lutter, A. Mayer, S. Bringezu, Y. Moriguchi, H. Sch¨utz, H. Schandl, and H. Weisz |
2011 |
| Socio-metabolic transitions in subsistence communities. Boserup Revisted |
Fischer-Kowalski, Marina and Singh, Simron J. and Ringhofer, Lisa and Grünbühel, Clemens M. and Lauk, Christian and Remesch, Alexander |
2011 |
| Structural Decomposition Analysis of Raw Material Consumption |
Jan Weinzettel and Jan Kovanda |
2011 |
| Unearthing potentials for decarbonizing the U.S. aluminium cycle |
Gang Liu, and Bangs, Colton E, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2011 |
| Urban Metabolism in China Achieving Dematerialization and Decarbonization in Suzhou |
Sai Liang and Tianzhu Zhang |
2011 |
| Global patterns of materials use: A socioeconomic and geophysical analysis |
Steinberger, Julia K and Krausmann, Fridolin and Eisenmenger, Nina |
2010 |
| Local Studies Manual: A researcher's guide for investigating the social metabolism of rural systems |
Singh, Simron J and Ringhofer, Lisa and Haas, Willi and Krausmann, Fridolin and Fischer-Kowalski, Marina |
2010 |
| Material flow accounting of an Indian village |
Bruno Kestemont and Marc Kerkhove |
2010 |
| Material Flow Indicators in the Czech Republic in Light of the Accession to the European Union |
Jan Kovanda |
2010 |
| Options for achieving a 50% cut in industrial carbon emissions by 2050 |
Allwood, Julian M and Cullen, Jonathan M and Milford, Rachel L |
2010 |
| Resource use and resource efficiency in the Asia-Pacific region |
Schandl, Heinz and West, Jim |
2010 |
| Resource use and resource efficiency in the Asia-Pacific region |
Schandl, Heinz and West, Jim |
2010 |
| Society, energy and materials: the contribution of urban metabolism studies to sustainable urban development issues |
Sabine Barles |
2010 |
| The physical dimension of international trade: Part 1: Direct global flows between 1962 and 2005 |
Dittrich, Monika and Bringezu, Stefan |
2010 |
| Assessing Socioeconomic Metabolism Through Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment |
Jan Weinzettel and Jan Kovanda |
2009 |
| Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts (EW-MFA) Compilation Guide 2009 |
EUROSTAT |
2009 |
| Environmental Impact of the use of Natural Resources and Products |
van der Voet, Ester and van Oers, Lauran and de Bruyn, Sander and de Jong, Femke and Tukker, Arnold |
2009 |
| Evaluation of urban metabolism based on emergy synthesis: A case study for Beijing (China) |
Zhang, Yan and Yang, Zhifeng and Yu, Xiangyi |
2009 |
| Linking material and energy flow analyses and social theory |
Schiller, Frank |
2009 |
| Linking Waste and Material Flows on the Island of Oahu, Hawai'i: The Search for Sustainable Solutions |
Eckelman, Matthew and Chertow, Marian R |
2009 |
| Urban Metabolism of Paris and Its Region |
Sabine Barles |
2009 |
| Urban metabolism: Methodological Advances in Urban Material Flow Accounting Based on the Lisbon Case Study |
Niza, Samuel and Rosado, Leonardo and Ferrão, Paulo |
2009 |
| Using Material Flow Analysis to Illuminate Long-Term Waste Management Solutions in Oahu, Hawaii |
Eckelman, Matthew J and Chertow, Marian R |
2009 |
| Economy-wide material flow indicators in the Czech Republic: trends, decoupling analysis and uncertainties |
Kovanda, Jan and Hak, Tomas and Janacek, Jiri |
2008 |
| Metabolism of Neighborhoods |
Codoban, Natalia and Kennedy, Christopher |
2008 |
| Aspects of stocks and flows in the urban built environment of Cape Town |
Gasson, Barrie |
2007 |
| Calculation of the'Net Additions to Stock' Indicator for the Czech Republic Using a Direct Method |
Jan Kovanda |
2007 |
| Material Flows and Economic Growth in Developing China |
Ming XU and Tianzhu ZHANG |
2007 |
| Mesurer la performance écologique des villes et des territoires: le métabolisme de Paris et de l'Ile-de-France |
Barles, Sabine |
2007 |
| Economy-wide Material Flow Accounting "Guide for beginners" |
Eisenmenger, Nina and Haas, Willi and Krausmann, Fridolin and Schütz, Helmut and Weisz, Helga |
2006 |
| Material flow accounting of Spain |
Cañellas, Sílvia and González, Ana Citlalic and Puig, Ignasi and Russi, Daniela and Sendra, Cristina and Sojo, Amalia |
2004 |
| Trade, Materials Flows, and Economic Development in the South: The Example of Chile |
Stefan Giljum |
2004 |
| Environmental Relations and Biophysical Transitions: The Case of Trinket Island |
Singh, Simron J. and Grünbühel, Clemens M. |
2003 |
| Estimating the urban metabolism of Canadian cities: Greater Toronto Area case study |
Sahely, Halla R and Dudding, Shauna and Kennedy, Christopher A |
2003 |
| Material flow accounting and analysis: A Valuable Tool for Analyses of Society-Nature Interrelationships |
Hinterberger, Friedrich and Giljum, Stefan and Hammer, Mark |
2003 |
| Material Flow Analysis of the City of Hamburg |
Hammer, Mark and Giljum, Stefan and Hinterberger, Friedrich |
2003 |
| Materials Flow Accounting in Sweden Material Use for National Consumption and for Export |
Viveka Palm and Kristina Jonsson |
2003 |
| Materials Flow Analysis and Emergy Evaluation of Taipei's Urban Construction |
Huang, Shu-Li and Hsu, Wan-Ling |
2003 |
| Rationale for and Interpretation of Economy-Wide Materials Flow Analysis and Derived Indicators |
Stefan Bringezu |
2003 |
| A handbook of industrial ecology |
Ayres, Robert U and Ayres, Leslie |
2002 |
| A material flow analysis and ecological footprint of York |
Barrett, John and Vallack, Harry and Jones, Andrew and Haq, Gary |
2002 |
| City Limits. A resource flow and ecological footprint analysis of Greater London |
Best Foot Forward |
2002 |
| Material Flow Accounting in Amazonia: A Tool for Sustainable Development |
Amann, Christof and Bruckner, Willibald and Fischer-Kowalski, Marina and Grünbühel, Clemens |
2002 |
| Material Flow Accounting of Greater London |
Bongardt, Benjamin |
2002 |
| Material use in the European Union 1980-2000: indicators and analysis |
Eurostat |
2002 |
| Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators: a methodological guide |
Eurostat |
2001 |
| Escalating trends in the urban metabolism of Hong Kong: 1971-1997 |
Warren-Rhodes, Kimberley and Koenig, Albert |
2001 |
| Social Metabolism and Labour in a Local Context: Changing Environmental Relations on Trinket Island |
Singh, Simron Jit and Grünbühel, Clemens M. and Schandl, Heinz and Schulz, Niels |
2001 |
| Material flow analysis: A tool to support environmental policy decision making. Case-studies on the city of Vienna and the Swiss lowlands |
Hendriks, Carolyn and Obernosterer, Richard and Müller, Daniel and Kytzia, Susanne and Baccini, Peter and Brunner, Paul H |
2000 |
| Materials Flow Analysis of the Italian Economy |
de Marco, Ottilia |
2000 |
| Materials accounting as a tool for decision making in environmental policy (MAc TEmPo) |
Brunner, P.H. and Laner, T. and Lohm, U. and de Haes, U. and Desitler, M. and Baccini, P |
1998 |
| Material Flow Accounting and Information for Environmental Policies in the City of Stockholm |
Burström, Fredrik and Brandt, Nils and Frostell, Björn and Mohlander, Ulf |
1997 |
| Resource flows: the material basis of industrial economies |
Adriaanse, Albert and Bringezu, Stefan and Hammond, Allen and Moriguchi, Yuichi and Rodenburg, Eric and Rogich, Donald and Schütz, Helmut |
1997 |
| The metabolism of a city: the case of Hong Kong |
Newcombe, Ken and Kalma, Jetse D and Aston, Alan R |
1978 |
| Production, consumption, and externalities |
Ayres, Robert U and Kneese, Allen V |
1969 |
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is an environmental management tool for identifying (and comparing) the whole life
cycle, or cradle-to-grave, environmental impacts of the creation, marketing, transport and distribution, operation,
and disposal of specific human artifacts. The approach is intrinsically holistic in nature and considers direct and,
ideally, related processes and hidden, nonmarket flows of raw materials and intermediate inputs, and waste and other
material and energy outputs associated with the entire existence or “product chain” or “system” (Guinee et al. 1993).
The LCA procedure often involves a comparison of a small number of substitutable products assumed to provide a
similar consumption service.
Material intensity per unit service (MIPS) involves the identification of a single mass-based measure of the total,
life-cycle-wide (or cradle-to-grave) primary material and energy requirement of environmentally significant economic
output in the form of specific products, or forms of infrastructure or service delivery. Examples include newspaper,
orange juice, an automobile, a prestressed concrete power pole, and alternative transport modes. A characteristic
emphasis of MIPS is the linking of required inputs to goods as “functional units” providing end-user service “units” or
“utilizations” (e.g., the passenger-kilometers yielded by an automobile). The final MIPS measure is expressed as the
ratio of the mass of material and energy inputs to physical (and sometimes monetary) measures of services provided
as benefits to people. The result is a material “intensity” involved in the provision a specified level of service of the
system under study and represents a measure of the anthropogenic ecological or environmental impact intensity of
selected forms of economic output. The geographic extent of measured flows induced by the product under study is
typically global in nature and takes a life-cycle perspective with the explicit goal of capturing the full “ecological
rucksack” associated with the production, consumption, disposal, and possible recycling and reuse of the product and
its components.
| Title |
Author(s) |
Year |
| Towards a more circular construction sector: Estimating and spatialising current and future non-structural material replacement flows to maintain urban building stocks |
André Stephan and Aristide Athanassiadis |
2018 |
| Material flow analysis of the residential building stock at the city of Rio de Janeiro |
Condeixa, Karina and Haddad, Assed and Boer, Dieter |
2017 |
| Prospecting the Urban Mine of Amsterdam |
Ester van der Voet, Ruben Huele, Alexander Koutamanis, Boukje van Reijn, Ellen van Bueren, Job Spiering,Tom Demeyer, Gerard Roemers, Merlijn Blok |
2017 |
| Quantifying and mapping embodied environmental requirements of urban building stocks |
Stephan, André and Athanassiadis, Aristide |
2017 |
| GIS‐based Analysis of Vienna's Material Stock in Buildings |
Kleemann, Fritz and Lederer, Jakob and Rechberger, Helmut and Fellner, Johann |
2016 |
| Mapping the anthropogenic stock in Germany: Metabolic evidence for a circular economy |
Georg Schiller and Felix Müller and Regine Ortlepp |
2016 |
| Modeling of material and energy flows in the Metropolitan City of Milan, Italy using urban metabolism approaches |
Gabriela Fernandez, Igor Tereshchenko |
2016 |
| Monitoring Urban Copper Flows in Stockholm, Sweden: Implications of Changes Over Time |
Amneklev, Jennie and Augustsson, Anna and Sörme, Louise and Bergbäck, Bo |
2016 |
| Stochastic Analysis and Forecasts of the Patterns of Speed, Acceleration, and Levels of Material Stock Accumulation in Society |
Tomer Fishman and Heinz Schandl and Hiroki Tanikawa |
2016 |
| Studying construction materials flows and stock: A review |
Vincent Augiseau and Sabine Barles |
2016 |
| Towards more comprehensive urban environmental assessments: exploring the complex relationship between urban and metabolic profiles |
Aristide Athanassiadis |
2016 |
| In-use product stocks link manufactured capital to natural capital |
Wei-Qiang Chen and T.E. Graedal |
2015 |
| The ferrous find: Counting iron and steel stocks in China's economy |
Wang, Tao, and Müller, Daniel B., and Hashimoto, Senji |
2015 |
| The socio-economic drivers of material stock accumulation in Japan's prefectures |
Fishman, Tomer and Schandl, Heinz and Tanikawa, Hiroki |
2015 |
| The weight of society over time and space: a comprehensive account of the construction material stock of Japan, 1945-2010 |
Tanikawa, Hiroki and Fishman, Tomer and Okuoka, Keijiro and Sugimoto, Kenji |
2015 |
| Accounting for the Material Stock of Nations |
Fishman, Tomer and Schandl, Heinz and Tanikawa, Hiroki and Walker, Paul and Krausmann, Fridolin |
2014 |
| An integrated material metabolism model for stocks of urban road system in Beijing, China |
Guo, Zhen; Hu, Dan; Zhang, Fuhua; Huang, Guolong; Xiao, Qiang |
2014 |
| Component- and alloy-specific modeling for evaluating aluminium recycling strategies for vehicles |
Modarsi, Roja, and Løvik, Amund N., and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| Exploring urban mines: Pipe length and material stocks in urban water and wastewater networks |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Govindarajan, Venkatesh, and Bratterbø, Helge, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| GIS and Urban Mining |
Zhu, Xuan |
2014 |
| Measuring urban ecosystem functions through ‘Technomass'—A novel indicator to assess urban metabolism |
Inostroza, Luis |
2014 |
| The Copper Balance of Cities |
Kral, Ulrich and Lin, Chih-Yi and Kellner, Katharina and Ma, Hwong-wen and Brunner, Paul H. |
2014 |
| The role of in-use stocks in the social metabolism and in climate change mitigation |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| Steel all over the world: Estimating in-use stocks of iron for 200 countries |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Wang, Tao, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2013 |
| The future of mobility and its critical raw materials |
Ziemann, Saskia, and Grunwald, Armin, and Schebek, Liselotte, and Müller, Daniel B., and Weil, Marcel |
2013 |
| Urban Mining potential in local power grids: Hibernating copper and aluminium in Linköping |
Andersson, Simon |
2013 |
| Metabolism of the Anthroposphere: Analysis, Evaluation, Design |
Peter Baccini and Paul Brunner |
2012 |
| Global Rare Earth In-Use Stocks in NdFeB Permanent Magnets |
Du, Xiaoyue and Graedel, T. E. |
2011 |
| Patterns of Iron Use in Societal Evolution |
Müller, Daniel B. and Wang, Tao and Duval, Benjamin |
2011 |
| Urban mining: hibernating copper stocks in local power grids |
Krook, Joakim; Carlsson, Annica; Eklund, Mats; Frändegård, Per; Svensson, Niclas |
2011 |
| Dynamic Material Flow Analysis for Strategic Construction and Demolition Waste Management in Beijing |
Hu, Mingming; van der Voet, Ester; Huppes, Gjalt |
2010 |
| Input, stocks and output flows of urban residential building system in Beijing city, China from 1949 to 2008 |
Hu, Dan; You, Fang; Zhao, Yanhua; Yuan, Ye; Liu, Tianxing; Cao, Aixin; Wang, Zhen; Zhang, Junlian |
2010 |
| Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific Synthesis |
Graedel, TE |
2010 |
| Aluminum Stock and Flows in U.S. Passenger Vehicles and Implications for Energy Use |
Lynette Cheah |
2009 |
| Global mapping of Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn in-use stocks and in-ground resources |
J.N. Rauch |
2009 |
| Lead In-Use Stock |
Mao, Jiansu and Graedel, T. E. |
2009 |
| Dynamic Modeling of In-Use Cement Stocks in the United States |
Amit Kapur |
2008 |
| In-Use Stocks of Metals: Status and Implications |
M. Gerst and T.E. Graedel |
2008 |
| Calculation of the'Net Additions to Stock' Indicator for the Czech Republic Using a Direct Method |
Jan Kovanda |
2007 |
| Copper and zinc recycling in Australia: potential quantities and policy options |
D. van Beers, A. Kapur, T.E. Graedel |
2007 |
| Copper In-Use Stock and Copper Scrap in the State of Connecticut, USA |
J. Rauch, M. Eckelman, R. Gordon |
2007 |
| Dynamic material flow analysis for Norway's dwelling stock |
Bergsdal, Håvard and Brattebø, Helge and Bohne, Rolf A. and Müller, Daniel B. |
2007 |
| Metal capital sustaining a North American city: Iron and copper in New Haven, CT |
Konstantine Drakonakis, Katherine Rostkowski, Jason Rauch, T.E. Graedel, R.B. Gordon |
2007 |
| Spatial characterisation of multi-level in-use copper and zinc stocks in Australia |
D. van Beers and Thomas E. Graedel |
2007 |
| The Application of Material Flow Analysis for the Evaluation of the Recovery Potential of Secondary Metals in Australia |
D. van Beers, R. van Berkel, T.E. Graedel |
2005 |
| Future Redistribution of Cadmium to Arable Swedish Soils: A Substance Stock Analysis |
Sten Karlsson |
2004 |
| The Magnitude and Spatial Distribution of In-Use Zinc Stocks in Cape Town, South Africa |
D. van Beers and T.E. Graedel |
2004 |
| Visualization of Regional Material Flow using Over-flow Potential Maps |
Tanikawa, Hiroki; Sakamoto, Tetsunori; Hashimoto, Seiji; Moriguchi, Yuichi |
2004 |
| The magnitude and spatial distribution of in-use copper stocks in Cape Town, South Africa |
Van Beers, D and Graedel, TE |
2003 |
| Estimation of Material Stock in Urban Civil Infrastructures and Buildings for the Prediction of Waste Generation |
Tanikawa, Hiroki; Hashimoto, Seiji; Moriguchi, Yuichi |
2002 |
| Predicting future emissions based on characteristics of stocks |
van der Voet, Ester; Kleijn, René; Huele, Ruben; Ishikawa, Masanobu; Verkuijlen, Evert |
2002 |
| Dynamic substance flow analysis: the delaying mechanism of stocks, with the case of PVC in Sweden |
Kleijn, René; Huele, Ruben; van der Voet, Ester |
2000 |
Physical input-output tables (PIOT) allow national-level analysis that extends upon conventional input-output
methodology and classifications to incorporate environmental resource and waste output “sectors” to provide
measures of the physical flow of materials and goods within the economic system and between the economic system
and the natural environment. This approach involves the exhaustive physical coverage of the movement (origins
and uses) of most environmentally relevant materials induced by an economic region (sometimes disaggregated to
the level of elements or simple chemical compounds). The PIOT method traces how natural resources enter, are
processed, and subsequently as commodities, are moved around the economy, used, and finally returned to the
natural environment in the form of residuals. It undertakes the
detailed
investigation of intersectoral physical flows of
environmental resources inputs and commodity weights and residuals, and given this intersectoral specification and
transactions matrix structure, has the ability to evaluate the cumulative environmental burden (total direct and
indirect effect material requirements and pressures) of private consumption and other final demand for the products
of different industries.
Substance flow analysis (SFA) focuses on material flows of just
one, chemically defined
substance, or a limited group of
such substances through the metabolism of a relatively extensive, predefined geographic region. Within this region,
all significant economic sources acting as the driving forces behind induced substance flows are considered.
“Substances,” as chemical elements and their compounds, comprise the “material” under study. Typical examples in
existing research include nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous, chromium, mercury, lead and other heavy
metals, carbon, water, and organochlorine compounds. The
substance-based “material flux analysis” approach, centered on a core group of researchers in Switzerland, is also
considered as a major form of SFA.
| Title |
Author(s) |
Year |
| Evaluation Approaches for Advancing Urban Water Goals |
Renouf, Marguerite A. and Kenway, Steven J. |
2017 |
| A multi-regional soil phosphorus balance for exploring secondary fertilizer potential: the case of Norway |
Hanserud, Ola Stedje, and Brod, Eva, and Ødegaard, Anne Falk, and Müller, Daniel B., and Brattebø, Helge |
2015 |
| Investigating Cross-Sectoral Synergies through Integrated Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Agriculture Phosphorus Assessments: A Case Study of Norway |
Hamilton, Helen A., and Brod, Eva, and Hanserud, Ola S., and Gracey, Erik O., and Vestrum, Magnus I., and Bøen, Anne, and Steinhoff, Franciska S., and Müller, Daniel B., and Brattebø, Helge |
2015 |
| Material Flow Analysis for a Circular Economy Development: A Material Stock Quantification Method of Urban Civil Infrastructures with a Case Study of PVC in an Amsterdam Neighbourhood |
Carolin Bellstedt |
2015 |
| The global anthropogenic gallium system: Determinants of demand, supply, and efficiency improvement |
Løvik, Amund N., and Resrepo, Eliette, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2015 |
| A material flow model for impurity accumulation in beverage can recycling systems |
Løvik, Amund N., and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| Concepts and methodologies for measuring the sustainability of cities |
Yetano Roche, María and Lechtenböhmer, Stefan and Fischedick, Manfred and Gröne, Marie-Christine and Xia, Chun and Dienst, Carmen |
2014 |
| Dynamic material flow analysis for PCBs in the Norwegian building stock |
Bergsdal, Håvard, and Bratterbø, Helge, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| Estimation of Life Cycle Material Costs of Cadmium Telluride– and Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide–Photovoltaic Absorber Materials based on Life Cycle Material Flows |
Max Marwede and Armin Reller |
2014 |
| Global carbon benefits of material substitution in passenger cars until 2050 and the impact of the steel and aluminium industries |
Modarsi, Roja, and Pauliuk, Stefan, and Løvik, Amund N., and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| Long-term strategies for increased recycling of automotive aluminium and its alloying elements |
Løvik, Amund N., and Modaresi, Roja, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| Sinks as limited resources? A new indicator for evaluating anthropogenic material flows |
Ulrich Kral, Paul Brunner, Pi-Cheng Chen, Sih-Rong Chen |
2014 |
| The role of in-use stocks in the social metabolism and in climate change mitigation |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| The role of in-use stocks in the social metabolism and in climate change mitigation |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| The role of in-use stocks in the social metabolism and in climate change mitigation |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| The role of in-use stocks in the social metabolism and in climate change mitigation |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2014 |
| Unintentional Flow of Alloying Elements in Steel during Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles |
Hajime Ohno |
2014 |
| An Analysis of Stocks and Flows Associated with Water Consumption in Indian Households |
G. Venkatesh |
2013 |
| Centennial Evolution of Aluminum In-Use Stocks on Our Aluminized Planet |
Gang Liu, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2013 |
| Industrial metabolism of PVC in China: A dynamic material flow analysis |
Zhou, Yucheng; Yang, Ning; Hu, Shanying |
2013 |
| Material Flows and Energy Analysis of Glass Containers Discarded in New Jersey, USA |
Ching-Ling Tsai and Uta Krogmann |
2013 |
| Recycling Rates of Aluminum in the United States |
Wei-Qiang Chen |
2013 |
| Sustainable Urban Metabolism |
Ferrão, Paulo and Fernández, John E. |
2013 |
| The Austrian P budget as a basis for resource optimization |
Egle, L and Zoboli, O and Thaler, S and Rechberger, H and Zessner, M |
2013 |
| The future of mobility and its critical raw materials |
Ziemann, Saskia, and Grunwald, Armin, and Schebek, Liselotte, and Müller, Daniel B., and Weil, Marcel |
2013 |
| Transforming the Norwegian Dwelling Stock to reach the 2 Degrees Celsius Climate Target |
Pauliuk, Stefan, and Sjöstrand, Karin, and Müller, Daniel B. |
2013 |
| Urban metabolism assessment tools for resource efficient urban infrastructure |
Robinson, Blake and Musango, Josephine and Swilling, Mark and Joss, Simon and Mentz Lagrange, Sasha |
2013 |
| Comparing Growth Rates of Nickel and Stainless Steel Use in the Early 2000s |
Reck, Barbara K. and Rotter, Vera Susanne |
2012 |
| Implementing Trans-Boundary Infrastructure-Based Greenhouse Gas Accounting for Delhi, India |
Abel Chavez |
2012 |
| Network environ perspective for urban metabolism and carbon emissions: a case study of Vienna, Austria |
Chen, Shaoqing and Chen, Bin |
2012 |
| Nitrogen food-print: N use and N cascade from livestock systems in relation to pork, beef and milk supply to Paris |
Chatzimpiros, P and Barles, S |
2012 |
| Particle Flow Analysis |
Rickard Arvidsson |
2012 |
| Pathways and Management of Phosphorus in Urban Areas |
Yuliya Kalmykova |
2012 |
| Scenario Analysis of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Reduction Potential in China's Iron and Steel Industry |
Shuhua Ma |
2012 |
| Scenario Analysis of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Reduction Potential in China's Iron and Steel Industry |
Shuhua Ma |
2012 |
| Toward a Low Carbon–Dematerialization Society |
Feng Shi |
2012 |
| A Comparison of Two Methods to Conduct Material Flow Analysis on Waste Tires in a Small Island Developing State |
Saumya Sarkar |
2011 |
| Global Rare Earth In-Use Stocks in NdFeB Permanent Magnets |
Du, Xiaoyue and Graedel, T. E. |
2011 |
| Decomposition Analysis of Waste Generation From Stocks in a Dynamic System |
Masahiro Oguchi |
2010 |
| Flows and fates of nickel--cadmium batteries in the City of Cape Town |
Mason-Jones, Kyle and von Blottnitz, Harro |
2010 |
| Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific Synthesis |
Graedel, TE |
2010 |
| Society, energy and materials: the contribution of urban metabolism studies to sustainable urban development issues |
Sabine Barles |
2010 |
| Aluminum Stock and Flows in U.S. Passenger Vehicles and Implications for Energy Use |
Lynette Cheah |
2009 |
| Cadmium Flows Caused by the Worldwide Production of Primary Zinc Metal |
Matthias Achternbosch |
2009 |
| Collaborative Problem Solving Using an Industrial Ecology Approach |
Boehme, Susan E. |
2009 |
| Combined MFA-LCA for Analysis of Wastewater Pipeline Networks |
G. Venkatesh |
2009 |
| Lead In-Use Stock |
Mao, Jiansu and Graedel, T. E. |
2009 |
| Platinum Group Metal Flows of Europe, Part II |
Mathieu Saurat and Stefan Bringezu |
2009 |
| Reverse Problem Formulation for Integrating Process Discharges with Watersheds and Drainage Systems |
Lovelady, Eva M. |
2009 |
| Scenarios of Waste Management for a Waste Emergency Area |
Mastellone, Maria Laura |
2009 |
| Using Total Material Requirement to Reduce the Global Environmental Burden |
Iñaki Arto |
2009 |
| A Product-Level Approach to Historical Material Flow Analysis |
Harper, Ermelinda M. |
2008 |
| Dynamic Modeling of In-Use Cement Stocks in the United States |
Amit Kapur |
2008 |
| Global Phosphorus Flows in the Industrial Economy From a Production Perspective |
Gara Villalba |
2008 |
| Platinum Group Metal Flows of Europe, Part 1 |
Mathieu Saurat and Stefan Bringezu |
2008 |
| Smart Labels for Waste and Resource Management |
Binder, Claudia R. |
2008 |
| The “Hidden” Trade of Metals in the United States |
Johnson, Jeremiah and Graedel, T. E. |
2008 |
| A material flow analysis of wood and paper in Cape Town: is there potential to redirect flows in formal and informal sectors to foster use as a renewable resource? |
Nissing, Christian and von Blottnitz, Harro |
2007 |
| Accounting for Fluorine: Production, Use, and Loss |
Gara Villalba |
2007 |
| Substance Flow Analysis of Mercury Intentionally Used in Products in the United States |
Alexis Cain |
2007 |
| Food Consumption and Nutrient Flows: Nitrogen in Sweden Since the 1870s |
Schmid Neset, Tina-Simone |
2006 |
| Food Consumption and Nutrient Flows: Nitrogen in Sweden Since the 1870s |
Schmid Neset, Tina-Simone |
2006 |
| Plastics materials flow analysis for India |
Nitin H. Muthaa, Martin and Patela, V. Premnathb |
2006 |
| The Energetic Metabolism of the European Union and the United States: Decadal Energy Input Time-Series with an Emphasis on Biomass |
Helmut Haberl |
2006 |
| Key drivers of the e-waste recycling system: Assessing and modelling e-waste processing in the informal sector in Delhi |
Streicher-Porte, Martin and Widmer, Rolf and Jain, Amit and Bader, Hans-Peter and Scheidegger, Ruth and Kytzia, Susanne |
2005 |
| Material flow analysis of industrial systems in Antarctica |
Klee, Robert Jason |
2005 |
| The Multilevel Cycle of Anthropogenic Zinc |
Graedel, T. E. |
2005 |
| Dematerialization: Not Just a Matter of Weight |
van der Voet, Ester |
2004 |
| Future Redistribution of Cadmium to Arable Swedish Soils: A Substance Stock Analysis |
Sten Karlsson |
2004 |
| Long-term Coordination of Timber Production and Consumption Using a Dynamic Material and Energy Flow Analysis |
Müller, Daniel B. |
2004 |
| Managing the Flow of Construction Minerals in the North West Region of England |
Darryn McEvoy |
2004 |
| Postconsumption Sewage Treatment in Environmental Systems Analysis of Foods |
Ulf Sonesson |
2004 |
| Postconsumption Sewage Treatment in Environmental Systems Analysis of Foods |
Ulf Sonesson |
2004 |
| The Biomass Metabolism of the Food System: A Model-Based Survey of the Global and Regional Turnover of Food Biomass |
Stefan Wirsenius |
2003 |
| A handbook of industrial ecology |
Ayres, Robert U and Ayres, Leslie |
2002 |
| Experience with the Use of Substance Flow Analysis in Denmark |
Erik Hansen |
2002 |
| Materials and Energy Flow Analysis of Paper Consumption in the United Kingdom, 1987-2010 |
Erik Sundin |
2001 |
| Urban Metal Flows - A Case Study of Stockholm. Review and Conclusions |
Bergbäck, B and Johansson, K and Mohlander, U |
2001 |
| Dynamic substance flow analysis: the delaying mechanism of stocks, with the case of PVC in Sweden |
Kleijn, René; Huele, Ruben; van der Voet, Ester |
2000 |
| Full Mode and Attribution Mode in Environmental Analysis |
Helias Udo de Haes |
2000 |
| Heavy-Metal Balances, Part II: Management of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in European Agro-Ecosystems |
Moolenaar, Simon W. |
1999 |
| Heavy Metal Balances, Part I |
Moolenaar, Simon W. and Lexmond, Theo M. |
1998 |
| The Life Cycle of Chlorine, Part III |
Ayres, Robert U. |
1998 |
| Western European Materials as Sources and Sinks of CO2 |
Gielen, Dolf J. |
1998 |
| Western European Materials as Sources and Sinks of CO2 |
Gielen, Dolf J. |
1998 |
| Chlorine in the Netherlands, Part I, An Overview |
René Kleijn |
1997 |
| Chlorine in the Netherlands, Part II: Risk Management in Uncertainty for Chlorine |
Arnold Tukker |
1997 |
| Life-Cycle Global Warming Impact of CFCs and CFC-substitutes for Refrigeration |
Papasavva, Stella and Moomaw, William R. |
1997 |
| The Life Cycle of Chlorine, Part II: Conversion Processes and Use in the European Chemical Industry |
Ayres, Robert U. and Ayres, Leslie W. |
1997 |
| The Life-Cycle of Chlorine, Part I: Chlorine Production and the Chlorine-Mercury Connection |
Ayres, Robert |
1997 |
| The Life-Cycle of Chlorine, Part I: Chlorine Production and the Chlorine-Mercury Connection |
Ayres, Robert |
1997 |
Metabolism of Cities